Intercooperative system for airborne and surface carriers



May 19,1953 O BROWN 2,639,107 INTERCOOPERATIVE SYSTEM FOR AIR-BORNE AND SURFACE CARRIERS Filed Nov. 1, 1946 5 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTOR.

0. BROWN INTERCOOPERATIVE SYSTEM FOR AIR-HORNE AND SURFACE CARRIERS May 19, 1953 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Nov. 1, 1946 w w m INVENTOK May 19, 1953 0. BROWN 2,639,107

INTERCOOPERATIVE SYSTEM FOR AIR-BORNE AND SURFACE CARRIERS Filed Nov. 1, 1946 5 Sheets-Sheet I5 mmvrn.

0. BROWN INTERCOOPERATIVE SYSTEM FOR AIR-BORNE AND SURFACE CARRIERS May 19, 1953 5 Sheets$heet 4 Filed Nov. 1 1946 May 19, 1953 0, BROWN 2,639,107

INTERCOOPERATIVE SYSTEM FOR AIR-BORNE AND SURFACE CARRIERS Filed Nov. 1, 1946 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 ./7. sea W aw/(W 2.

INVENTOR.

Patented May 19, 1953 OFFICE.

mrnnooocnno'rlvn SYSTEM'FOR Am- BORNE AND SURFACE CARRIERS Owen Brown, Los Angeles, Calif.

Applicafibn-November I, 1946, Serial No. 707,153 7 2-7 Claims.

ently envisioned system there are no prime driver and driven members dependent upon frictional contact with the railsv in order to effect drawbar pull. Instead, propulsion 1s accomplished primarily by means of thermal reaction type motors such as hereinafter described.

Thus it becomes readily possible for my surface carriers to attain ground speeds which may equal or even exceed the cruising speeds of existing transport aircraft; Moreover I introduce a form of ground carrier which may be also utilized in direct cooperation with both powered airplanes and airplane gliders, whereby to effect a reorientation of domestic freight and passensor movements, on the one hand, and also to interlink many navigable partsof the globe'with a new and improved sub-system of overseas air transport. I I

Said sub-system oo-acts with said r'ail'borne components (of the over-all organization I for overland haulage at contemplated far lower tonmile costs than would be" possible of attainment by employingeither self propel'le'd airborne cargo carriers, according to theprevailing system, or by theoverland towing of glider trains utilizingairplane locomotives solely. "The latter, however, may be operated in those regionswhere "the type of rail trackage and the vehicular devices herein proposedaren-ot available.

' Switching cd/I'goes in mid-air In brief, it now becomes possible-and economically quite profitable-to'toW continuous trains of gliders to and from various parts. of the g'lobeby a method of changing the locomotive planes aloft; that is, while flying. above'a' required number of intermediary refueling stations; on arrival over the continental United States, for example, such an entrained group" of gliders could; according to one option; be switched inidair from its ov'etseastow plane-to another fully fuel-ed tow-plane in waiting, continuing thence non-sto to the final point or points 'of cargo destination.

The still more economical method, ihowevenis to switch the glider trains directly to awaiting rail carriers, of the class which. was/earlierreferred to. The latter, adapted to travel vat the aforesaid airplane speeds, to exchange tow burdens with: the tow-planes-,-;and -to q an y .2 comicall tha he ul be towed Overland by locomotive plane, constitute said railborne units of the system. The method of performing such transfers of the gliders, from one locomotive to another, will be described hereinafter. Among the broader objects of the inventiof is the provision or means for quickly, ec'onorni cally linking together respective 'domesticand various other areas of the globe, as generally foretold, whereby a vast tonne-goof cargo may be moved rapidly by glider trains directly from local points of origin to points of destination and delivery remote therefrom; this to be accomplished without expensive unloadings, re-load- Hugs or other intermediary handlingsof said cargo, regardless of the distances which must be spanned over land and/or sea therebetween.

' Another'objectis to effect a. drastic reduction in the cost of transporting passengers by air. 1

Sundryother objectives will be revealed from the accompanying detailed descriptive matter, the claims, and the drawings. With reference to the latter-- Fig. 1, in side elevation, shows one preferred type of glider craft, as herein contemplated, and a jet-propelled ground car therebelow; the latter not detailed, however, since not claimed per se in the present application. I Fig. 2 is an aerial side elevational view and illustrates the method whereby one ormore glide ers' may-be transferred from one locomotive plane to another while airborne. J

Fig. 3 is a partial view'oi the lowermostof the two planes. of Fig. 2, foreshortened and b'rokenaway at the rear end sectionof the fuse: lage to more clearly show certain novel transfer tackle.

Fig. 4, largely diagrammatic and looking from the rear, :shows one preferred arrangement-(1f certain of the tackle components seen ingFigs. 2

and 3. I

Fig. '5 illustrates a new type snatchehook (which may also be employed as a cable relea e) to he further explained.

.Fig, .6, in "perspective, shows how a plurality ,Of gliders (not therein included) comprising the burden unitslof a narticularair train according to the invention, may, :by option, beall together or individually switched from one locomotive to another.

' Fig. on shows one type of so-called harness which maybe used with ithe tackle of Fig. 6.

Fig. I fl, in side elevation, shows other versatile features 'of the system, including the method by which one or moreai-rhornegliders may be towed overland by rail car at airplane speeds, r,-m@y

- be switched in mid air ,from the tow car toa given:number'of'slidersfastenand far-monomer locomotive feeder ,plane for olf-route delivery. Fig.1! is :.a afragmental plan ViBWyQf a ,glider craft having certain essential tackle components tolierexptained. V 1 Elem-9 isa-closer'up-view, in side ,elevation,Qof

3 the tow-car and glider tackle first seen in Fig. '7, including certain glider switching apparatus carried respectively by said car and by a locomotive plane cooperable therewith.

Fig. is a rear-end view, in part, of the tow-..

plane of Fig. 9, including certain optional tackle elements.

Fig. 11 is a side elevational view of the rear end of the tow-cab carried by the ground car of Fig. 9, broken open to show one detailed arrangement of the transfer tackle.

Fig. 12 is the side-elevational view of a pilot plane picking up a loaded glider with the aid of assisted take-off means on the glider.

Fig. 13 is similar to Fig. 12 but shows the aforesaid glider being partially motor-boosted and partialy tug-lifted into the air by said pilot craft.

Fig. 14, in side elevation, shows the glider of Figs. 11 and 13 being switched in midair from the aforesaid pilot plane to a limited locomotive plane.

Fig. 15, also side elevational, shows how. alternatively, the limited plane of Fig. 14 may pickup a fully constituted train of loaded gliders.

Fig. 16 illustrates another optional type of transfer harness.

Fig. 17 is the schematic representation of a modified, extremely simple form of transfer tackle which could be used.

Figs. 18a and 18b are details of tackle elements especially adapted to the arrangement disclosed in Fig. 17.

And Figs. 19a and 1% indicate still other simplified types of harness which may be employed in burden-transfers.

Like reference characters in the drawings indicate parts of like structure and like functions, unless otherwise specifically designated.

It will be understood that in a complex system such as proposed many auxiliary features must be omitted from the present description, and the latter limited largely to the apparatus upon which my present claims are primarily predicated. Thus, with regard to Fig. 1, while one, more simplified, form of ground car I04 is shown in connection with the glider I03 directly thereabove, only the latter need be presently considered, and relative to such railborne elements asmay be utilized in carrying out the present invention. These will be described duly.

First, however, means for movement of the glider trains over thousands of miles of either land or water, or both, will be dealt with in relation to said Fig. l and various other views It is provided, in brief, that such glider trains may be towed non-stop over any predetermined route or routes, for any predetermined distance, without having to repeatedly land and then re-launch the individual gliders en route, while refueling the tow plane-a pre-requisite which, up to now, has been deemed one of the major obstacles standing in the way of economical long-range glider operation. The special apparatus and techniques explained herein, however, will be more readily understood by first briefly describing certain typical problems of transglobal haulage, wherein tonnage now moving largely by water and railaeronautical conundrum. The difllculty is now overcome by the provision of means whereby any correct number of fully loaded gliders can be first picked up and then transferred in the air to a given, hypothetical limited tow-plane A (not so designated in the drawings); can then be towed by plane A to a predetermined distant location, defined as a first relay station, and there switched in midair and at cruising speeds from plane A to a fully fueled tow-plane B, before exhaustion of the fuel supply of plane A; from which relay station the glider train is further towed to a second relay station, where a tow-plane C takes over the train from plane B; and thus onward to the nearest continental rail terminal of the system. Here the gliders may be transferred to yet another tow-plane, or to a railborne locomotive as previously mentioned.

The last of the arriving tow-planes, in turn, may upon refueling receive a correct number of other outbound gliders, and these relayed back over the route previously traveled by planes A, 13, etc., following the same method of switching the gliders from one to another.

Glider switching components Apparatus which may be used for long range glider freighting will now be described, referring first to Figs. 2, 3 and 4.

Fig. 2 features two typical so-called locomotive or tow-planes, according to the invention, which are conveniently called planes P and P And plane P is observed to be towing a train of three gliders (not specifically shown), which will be hereafter referred to, for the time being, by their respective tow-lines, namely: gliders G, G and (3: as indicated. In the drawing, plane P is seen a brief moment before taking over the entire tow-burden comprised of gliders G G and G from plane P The method for accomplishing this is comparable, in some respects, to that long followed, in the conventional pickup of mail pouches from so-called ground stations. and as further modified, during the late world war, by the Air Transport Command for picking up United States Army gliders. The required tackle is well known and need not be fully detailed here.

The pickup operation is performed by a specially reconstructed airplane, and, in the case of mail pickups, such a plane is fitted with an extensible-retractabl boom having, at its freely swingable end, a readily detachable pickup hook; said hook being aifixed, also, to one end of a towline having its other end secured to the drum wheel of an automatic inboard winch, and said winch adapted with a shock-absorbing element and delayed-action braking shoes.

road, with much intermediary handling, can be from the initial pickup point to the point of final destination. On very long hauls there has, heretofore, been no apparent answer to this Thus, when the pickup hook is swung downward on the end of the boom and the plane flown in such manner as to bring said hook into engagement with the upper, tautly stretched cross-cord of the conventional ground loop, the latter will be jerked loose from its break-out clips while the hook, also, will be freed from the end of the boom.

The existing method, or methods, of picking up and towing gliders is similar to the mail pickup procedure, except that a different type of pickup and towing tackle is carried by the towplane. In either case, however, it is obvious that no local landing facilities-other than terminal airportsare required so far as the pickup plane is concerned. Improved pickup techniques will be-given later, relative especially to glider ill.

First, however,. it is observed that tow-plane- P is equipped with a duality oi bantain size standards I24 which, in their erect positions, are adapted to suspend, a. loop I2 5 having a crosscord I26 therebetween; said cross-cord being seen to best advantage in Fig. 4. Standards I24. may be widely spaced, if desired, in; which case. they can be pivotally mounted just below the. respective upper wing surfaces substantially as indicated In practice, however, it may be found entirely practicable to provide the more m e e S n a '2 a s own n h ntom for the reason that engagements of the character contemplated are made at approximatelyequalized speeds, and quite deliberately as com-. pared to the operation of ordinary pickup. planes.

For a clear illustration, it will be assumed that standards I24 are to be employed; and'these may be extended and retracted. according to any suitable arrangement therefor, such as; briefly indicated, for one illustration, by a pulley line I28 on the glider I03 of Fig. 8, carried; over the wheel I29, and adapted to cause. partiai rotation oi standard m there shown from its pivoted; end The. tow-plane standards I24, Fig. 4, are

I30. preferably mounted to retract within the grooving. I31; and when. so retracted thecrossecord I26 is seen. to lie in position I25 between the tips of; the standards. In this particular arrangement, which of course may be variously modified, the remainder of the loop proper isadapted to be compactly disposed within a small compartment, conveniently called box I32, similar to box I32, of Fig. 8, which, in this latter and somewhat modified plan view, may be seen to better advantage.

With further reference to. Fig. 8, therefore, it is observed that box L32 has; a. lid I33, includ.. ing hinges I34 and snap-fasteners 135. A small.

opening I36 is provided throughwhich the pick-. up line I37 (Fig. 4) is adapted. to extend ou.t. board, although it is apparentthatin Fig. 8 said;

pickup line-line l3.-'I=*\.runs; therefrom inv an opposite direction, aswilllater be more specificallyexplained in relation to ,saidEig. aview and. the. glider components. The nearby-box I32 showsvv another like arrangement of the lid member in an open position, featuring particularly a. small: spring I38 which serves to keep the lid in ashutpositiO l, usually, butoyieldingly allowsthe.v

same to be opened automatically standards I27, in this case, aresuddenly erected and the loop is forcibly hoisted from the box in. the

correctposition for engagement, by hook I39,

2,; for example, appendentfrom. boom. M'U..Of'1

la e Relative, particularly, to the; arrangement of Fig. 4, it isnoted that'each standard, I.24.has

abreak-out cli'p I4'I- atits upper end. Iii-desired; auxiliary clips I 43 may, be aflixed tothe lower shanks of the standards whereby to maintain the relatively small loop in a more openly disposedposition for itsready engagement, byhook- I39.

Small. flag beacons,, as on ground station poles,

1Q. (grooving I44 is normally formed the outer skip- 1 t a location midway or standards; I24; following; the configuration of the fuselage back,- ward toanopening at the rear.- end' of the plane, approximately inthe: position occupied by the tail gunner on E29 Superfortresses; United States; Air Force. This opening leads into a compartment conveniently calledthetow-room I45, Figs. 3, .4 and 10, which may be closed by anysuitable bubble door I46, 3, or: by door I41, as, prer d.

Tow-1ine-I3I is. admitted, through a suitablesmall opening in the door panelsfiwhen the lat.-. ter are olosed--intov tow-room l4i5"and thence,

, as a matter of convenience, may. be carried around pulley; wheel M8 and-given a few turns around a fixture I:4.9:,.. or otherwise temporarily disposed. of. at its; inboard end. Line I31 may. be additionally-.snugged: by any preferred retractable or yieldable device Hi0;v and is fitted at ly seen in the detail of Fig.v 6; which drums; for

illustrative purposes, are merely indicated in Fig. 3 by the'drum I52- ot-winclr 153.. Thus from drums 1TJ, D and D lines G G and G are: carried through the respective trialityoi upper andlower sheave-wheels. I54 mounted'for swiveling movement on stanchi'ons. t55; If. desired, one or more markings, such. as colored bands I5 6', may

be placed at spaced intervals. along each ofi-the" tow-lines; sothat when. all threeotf the colorsany of them which are: identicaP-are' exactly abreast, as seen in Fig. 6, they. may indicate at a glance that the same or-any predeterminedlength of line hasbeen payed out toeach of'the three gliders. On two outerilines, indicated by blue bands, for example, may: represent equal lengths oi; line: running to gliders G andG- while a centrally disposed. band of redon line- G may serve to indicate that thecentermost glider G 'is in'a relatively fartherorcloser position to the tow plane than. the. other two.

By having each color-represent: a definite footage of tow-line, with. optional intermediary: indicia of a similar character (as, for example a red, a blue or a. yellow band adjacent one ormore black rings at. other spaced intervals) it would be possible for. the master towpilot, in

room I45, toinstantl y, ascertain at: any time; day or nighnthe exactrelative distances of the glid ers from thetow plane. And. this arrangement, when: used, in conjunction. with. an. intercom ""municatingrradio, telephone system and other desirable controls (not graphically'shown) should result in further improvingthe techniqucs oi' glider control.

Drums D D andD? may be integrally. mount "ed on separate winches or, preferably, abreast "of the gliders. at a particular time.

unnecessary to define such. an. automatic: compound winchin further detail, .includingdetai'led; clutch apparatus and auxiliaries,- such; as fleet? .i vi esand-th L lia. item! aa squirsdr since of one another asamultiple or compound automatic winch; said winch being operable, by pref erence, from a sing'iernotor and from a single control panel (not shown) whereby, according to oneoption, the"respective drumsxcould all 'b'e turned in unison; accordingtoanoth-eroption, could be turned any twoat a time-Withoutcorotation of the third; or could be operatedsingly toeither. retrieve or to payoutline to one, only,

It will be the same maybe readily produced in accord with the above general specification by such skilled specialists, for instance, as the technicians of Foote Bros. Gear and Machine Co.',' Chicago,Ill., who also arefamiliar with winch mechanisms in relation to glider and pickup operati'on s. (See also later reference'to a possible fourth component of said multiple winch, defined as stand by drum D Althoughnot featured on plane P it will be understood that both of the tow-planes P and P may have the same or similar pickup tackle, such as already described with regard to Figs. 2, 3 and 4, inclusive of Figs. 6 and 8, so that in one relationship plane P is the so-called pick-up or take-over" plane and P the hand-rover plane, distinctions which will shortly be made quite clear. But in a reversal of such relationships, plane P could be operated for taking over a towburden from plane P and the latter, in that case, would become the hand-over". planer Hence both planes are equipped with the respective booms I40 and I40; but in the relations seen in Fig. 2 boom I40 has been extended to its normal take-over position while boom' I40 is inits idle, fully retracted position within a suitable recess I51; in which latter location its hook I39 may appear as thus indicated, in general, by the rear end view of Fig. 4. If desired, suitable spring-operated locking and releasing means I58, or the like, may be positioned to assist in maintaining either of the booms. rigidly stable, against tortional strains, when in an active towing but otherwise retracted position; Such a position would be assumed, at least temporarily, during each burden transfer.

Booms I 40 and I40 may also have bell-crank members I59 (see Fig. 3) linked by pivot-pins I60 to the plunger rod I6I, which rod operates automatically in connection with the shock-cylinder I62, as also see phantom I62 in Fig. 2, which additionally shows the schematic fixed pivot point I63. Such shock-struts or cylinders are well known in the art of shock-absorbing devices and need not be described in detail they being usually operable pneumatically, hydraulically or hydro-pneumatically. A simple pneumatic cylinder, comparable to pneumatic door checks, having a rearwardly disposed bleeder valve, would .probably sufiice in this instance. Or any satisfactory alternative mechanism may be employed whereby to delay and ease the sudden thrust of crank I59 and rod I6I when actuated by the swingable movement of boom I40, for example, as it automatically or otherwise retracts about pivot-point I64, which can be most clearly seen in the detail of Fig. 3.

Several varieties of booms, with complementary hook devices thereon, have been devised for employment in other kinds of pickup services (as, for typical examples, see Figs. 1-4 in Patent No. 2,359,275 to R. 0. Anderson; Figs. 1, 6 and '1 of Patent No. 2,373,413 to S. C. Plummer; and Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 8 of Patent No. 2,373,414 to said Plummer). Both boom I40 and hook I39, however, include new and novel features which are inherently different from. such existing art.

Thus, referring to Fig. 5, the lower shank of boom I40 (in partial phantom) which may be identical with booms I40 and I40 of Fig. 2, has the particularly versatile hook I39, the latter being, in another modification to be hereafter explained, adapted also for employment with certain tow-room tackle shown in Fig. 3. Those features, however, which relate expressly-to the tackle in Fig. 2 include a jaw I65, which, in the position seen in said Fig, 5, is adapted to receive and to non-yieldingly hold the tow-loop I66 at tension in a manner to be fully explained hereafter. But in another relation, jaw I65 is adapted to open outward along the dotted-line arc to position I65, thereby automatically releasing loop I66 as indicated by phantom figure I66.

This action is made possible by an arrangement whereby jaw I65 is integrated with a lockplate I61, the unified jaw and lock-plate having limited two-way rotation about the pivot pin I60; which pin is suitably anchored within a terminal extension of the hook shank I69 in the form of a yoke which straddles said unified elements I65 and I61, since it also defines a slotted recess therefor upwardly to the dotted line I10. Outward movements of jaw I65, however, are responsive to the pull from loop I66 and against a torsion spring I1I which is seen, in part, through the broken away portion of the lower yoke of shank I69 on one side. Spring I1I, of course, is of a strength to automatically, instantaneously return the jaw I65 to its former loop-receiving and loop-holding position upon the release, by election, of loop I66.

Hook I39, however, is provided with an eflicient safety lock against premature actuation from any normal pull of the tow-loop; said lock being comprised, mainly, of the lock-bar I12, which is integral with lock-plate I61, and the slide-bolt I13 the lower end of which is clearly seen to rest in abutment with the upper end of lock-bar I12 in the safety position; said slidebolt having also the elongated portion which is adapted to project downwardly alongside of bar I12 as shown. Slide-bolt I13 has limited movement within a slotted track therefor, whereby to partially recess the bolt within shank I69 as specifically indicated by dotted line I14. The 2-way movements of bolt I13 within this slotted track are limited by the duality of stop-pins I15 and these, in turn, are anchored as indicated in shank I69-there being, of course, a key-slot extending entirely through a predetermined section of bolt I13 of the required width and length for its normal movements relative to said pins I15. This slot cannot be seen in the side view of Fig. 5 but its general configuration will be well understood by reference to the phantom figure I13 which clearly shows the hypothetical upper limit of movement of said slide-bolt in its withdrawn position.

Withdrawal of the bolt, by election only, to release jaw I65 and to free loop I66, is effected by jerking the pull-cord I16; and this will be the procedure whether hook I39 is carried at the end of boom I40, as earlier explained, or is employed apart from the boom as explained hereinafter relative to the tow-room tackle of Fig. 3. When hook I39 is integral with boom I40, the pull cord, on passing through ferrule I11 and thence through the flared opening of the recessed tube I18, and through said tube to a suitable outlet therefor inboard of the tow-plane (as, for example, some point just short of the pivot-point I64, Fig. 3), may be provided with a brief extension (not shown but similar to line I16 Fig. 11, as hereafter described) in the form of slack-line as an assurance against the application of any tension thereon until the exact moment decided on by the operator. The towcord is merely given a sharp jerk at the area of said slack-line when it is desired to throw open the jaw I 65.

Phantom I16 indicates the continuation of the pull cord through said tube I78 to said inboard position, as explained. Ferrules or metal. straps H9, at spaced intervals, are merely for retaining the tube I18, in this form of assembly, within the grooving provided therefor.

It is advisable that bolt I13 .shall return instantaneously to its interlocking position, relative to element I72, after the recovery .of jaw I65 responsive to spring i'lI. That is, upon release of tension on pull-cord lit by the operator; and while this result may be delayed aselectcd, the operator may turn loose of said cord a brief instant after the release of loop !66 because of the aforesaid snap-action' of spring III. .similarly, when the pull-cord is manually released, the slide-bolt H3 will also be snapped shut by the action of a compression spring I80, operating in the inner sleeve iilI, said spring being suitably anchored at one end to a finger I282 which is seen to project into inner sleeve I3 from l8 upper end of slide-bolt I13, adjacent its coupling with the pull-cord.

The other end of spring E80 may merely bear against the upper end wall of sleeve ITS. How ever, as an insurance against any possiblepremature return of bolt I13, before element I72 has duly recovered, it is provided, optionally, that the arcuate guide member or so-called spurf at left, which is securely integrated withelement H2 in the manner shown, may be of such length as to not entirely clear the slotted away portion of shank i653, below the line Il't, when describing its own arc along the line I83 about pin Hi8.

Element 58d, incidentally, is in duality and is an extension from bothlower sides of the yoke as joined by pivot pin Hit; and, while there is ample spacing between these two yoke, members for freedom oi: limited rotative movement of the bar IE-I thercbetween, there may be upper inward projections thereon, or an upper bridge-- not shown connecting the two sides of element I84, whereby to act as a stop to bar H57 on the return stroke, as indicated at the abutment point E85, where it contacts the lower side of a support member for said spur ,The spring-latch I86, which yields initially to the entry of loop 865 behind jaw it'd, is self-explanatory. To insure free movement of bolt H3 relative to bar H2, against the possibility of one fouling the other, their respective ends are slightly beveled approximately as shown.

Although, necessarily, hook I39 calls for a .detailed description in order to present a clear understanding of its different working parts, the same is actually a relatively simple device, positive in its action, and seemingly foolproof for the exacting service demands to be imposed thereon.

As previously mentioned, hook I35 may. he used apart from boom I463, in which. case the shank 159 can be terminated with the eye I86. and tube Ii'd may endabruptly at arrow pointer 58?, the pull-cord I35 also ending a very short distance thereabove (according to this preferred option) in the terminal liili. And terminal I38 may be connected in any preferred manner to the auxiliary pull-wire Ifit. the exact function of which wiiibe explained directly in relation to 3. Eve its is coupled to a terminal element Isis. which is preferably a small butvery strong snap-hook swaged or otherwise affixed securely to a length or" cordage 58L Referring again to Fig. 3, cordage IGi is seen to constitute a single tow-line adaptedto be carried in one direction.

through the sheave-wheel assembly 562 (simiover operations.

' lar to elements I54 m Fig.6)- andthence over As mentioned in connection with Fig. 6, drum I52 and winch I53 (if not separately mounted) may be regarded as the schematic equivalents of the composite assembly of like elements shown in ,Flg.,6. For present purposes, therefore, it

will vbe assumed thatv drum. I52 is the fourth component, only, of the aforesaid multiple automatic winchin short, drum D which is usually in stand-by relation except-when employed at such times as one,fltwo, or all of the lines u abreast of each other.

G ,G -G are being transferred. Line IQI may be quite short, as compared to lines. G G -G leading to the gliders of similar designations, as will be well understood shortly.

Carried from-snap-hook I at one end of transfer line ISI is the transfer .hook I392v substantially as indicated in Fig. 6. The pull-wire I8'S, running from the pull-cord terminal I88 to a small reel 2IlI or the like, is obviously the means for manually actuating the slide-bolt I13, as earlier detailed in connection with Fig- 5(ree1 20 I, of course, being supported at any convenient, preferred location therefor inside the tow-room) When it is desired to transfer one or more of the glidersin mid air, and without necessarily slowing either the tow-plane or the gliders, hook- I 39 will be employed in cooperation with another fixture which maybe constructed in various ways but which, for the .sake of clarity, is shown in the form of the transfer harness 202, Fig. 6a, the same comprising .a closed ring member 203, flattened and spread somewhat at one end and to whichis swivelly connected the pin 204. .Pin 204., in turn, supports the block 205 from whichis carried a plurality of snap-hooks 20G, whichare preferablyalso swivel-mountedat distances apart substantially the normal distances of ther'ings R'of Fig. 6 from one another, when occupying the inboard positions there shown. ,(If desired,v snap-hooksZIIB may. appendv from short lengths 'of chain or cable; or see optional harness 2-IB of ation, assuming that all three of the gliders are to be handed over from plane P to plane P consists infirst reeling inthe-glider-lines, as explained, until rings. R. are correctly disposed Harness 202 is then thrust upward, with hooks 206 upturned, and eachuof these hooks is snapped over one of said rings, which is nearest contiguous thereto, and ring 203 momentarily allowed tohang downward.

Next hookjiil of the very short anchor-line208,

aflixed to one of the stanchions I55 by means of any suitable eye-and-Crosby combination or the like, as-shown, is'snapped into the harness ring 203. Next the multiple winch is operated to slowly pay ,out all three glider lines simulta-- neously untilanchor line2ll8 is attension' and carrying the entire towburden in conjunction with hardness 202, lines G G and G having now become sufficiently slack toallow of the rapid unhooking of terminal hooks T T and T from the rings R. Next the snap-hook I5I of the transfer or loop-line I31 of Fig. 3 (not shown in Fig. 6) is grasped and the inboard section of said loop-line which was'wound around fixture I49 is removed and hook II snapped onto ring 203 of the harness adjacent hook 201 of the anchor line, Fig. 6. Next the transfer safety hook I39 is also snapped over ring 203 on the other side of hook 201.

With these preliminaries disposed of, and at a given signal indicating that tow-plane P has arrived (or will shortly arrive or be overtaken) with its boom I40 extended and its own similar boom hook I39 in readiness for engagement with cross-cord I26 of line I31, Fig. 4, as earlier explained, any suitable actuator device is operated to snap the duality of standards I24 into their correct loop-supporting positions, the snugger I50 of Fig. 3 being shortly thereafter moved out of the way to permit outboard movement of line I 31 from its position relative to the position 209, Fig. 3, of ring 203 to the position I31 of said line relative to the outboard position 203 of said ring 203 as indicated. Or snugger I50 could be replaced by a simple break-out clip and line I31 allowed to free itself therefrom automatically. Before such outboard movement is permitted to occur, however, the stand-by or transfer drum D and this drum only, is operated to first draw in the harness 202 just enough to bring the entire tow-burden onto line I9I and transfer hook I39, at which instant-anchor line 200 having become slackhook 201 is removed and drum D again operated to correctly position harness 202 for the actual transfer.

That is, harness 202 should not be so far away from stanchions I55 as to produce a premature tension on the loop-line I31, such as to break out the cross-cord I26 from clips I4I-including optional additional clips I42, Fig. 4since such action must occur only after actual engagement of the boom hook I39 of plane P The precise adjustments required between the several named components can be readily worked out according to the design of the tow-room itself and other variables.

Obviously, line I31 is not in the first full tension position I31 until an instant after hook I39 of plane P flying at approximately an equalized speed with respect to plane P, has snatched away the loop I 26 and has then moved forward just sufflciently to bring ring 203 of harness 202 into position 203 line I 9I being payed out as required, coincidentally. In order to produce a hypothetical minimum of shock on line I31, however, and therethrough to plane P at the instant of transfer, it may be desirable to pay out sufficient additional footage of line I9 I, from drum D until said harness is approximately as, shown atupper position 202 or to the yet higher location schematically indicated at .202".

The switch from plane P to plane P is now made instanteously, upon a given signal (by radio telephone, for example) to the master tow-pilot in room I45, who merely exerts a sharp tug on the pull-wire I89 to unlock jaw I 55 of transfer hook I39. Harness 202 is thereby freed instantaneously from all remaining connection with plane P swinging upward as indicated by the transitory position 202; boom I40 of plane P is automatically pulled further backward along the are 209 of Fig. 2 through transitory position I40 and thence quickly to the fully retracted position I40; during which brief interval the shock-strut I 62 operated to damp andsmootlr out the slight take-up jerk which may have oc-sg.

curred before all three of the gliders were in fully towed relations from plane P It is probable that, by expert handling, this jerk can be entirely avoided,

(Parenthetically, Fig. 2 also serves to illustrate how boom I40 of plane P may, by option, and by obvious adaptations, be swung both rearwardly along arc-line 209 and forwardly along arc-line 209 whereby to effect delivery of a burden line, and thence a burden of suitable size appendant thereon, through hatch H into the interior of the airplane.)

On release of transfer hook I39 from ring 203, of course, the former will drop and trail outboard from the tow room until hauled aboard. And standards I 24 can be retracted by remote control to their former positions within grooving I 3|. Itis not deemed essential to show the specific means for retracting the standards, except as to earlier reference to elements I29 and I30 of Fig. 8, as such a matter is quite elementary, and the necessary arrangement can be supplied to order immediately by sundry designers in accord with my disclosure.

Plane P can be made ready to take over another tow by operating its own boom I40 as required, or, on long range schedules. may, after first operating its flight controls to quickly drop downward entirely out of the way of the presently constituted glider train, proceed thence to the relay station for refueling or for any other disposition as predetermined. With regard to plane P however, the transfer operation is not yet complete, since all three of the gliders are still trailing fromhardness 202 and the latter still connected, via loop line I31, to hook I 39 of the retracted boom.

Completion of the transfer, according to one preferred technique, can be effected in the following manner, wherein the fourth, or stand-by. sheave-wheel assembly I92 of Fig. 3 may, if desired, be omitted; and, for this brief operation, the line I 9| can be carried directly from stand-by drum I 52 (equivalent in this instance to drum D of the multiple winch of Fig. 15) It is understood, of course, that the general arrangement of tow-room tackle is substantially the same on both planes P and P Element I 92, if especially constructed, however, could be utilized, if it is assumed that the block which supports the same is a split-sheave or is otherwise adapted to be opened to free the line ISI for operation directly off the drum. Terminal I90, therefore-- see Fig. 6which in this instance is not presently connected to a transfer hook I392 is first used to form a connection between line I9I I of plane P of course, in this instance) and the end of the newly acquired loop-line I31, which is at tension across jaw I65 of boom-hook I39 in the latters fully retracted position. The same will present an appearance, in general, as viewed at location I93, Fig. 3, or at position I39 in Fig. 4. The slot I51, moreover, terminates rearwardly in an opening in the tow-room floor, dimensioned to allow suilicient spacing on at least one side of the boom-hook whereby the master gliderpilot or so-called flight mechanic may readily reach down and snap hook I between the respective sides of the bight adjacent said jaw I65.

Drum I52 of Fig. 3 (drum D in Fig. 6) is now operated to bring line I9I into a taut position, in readiness to assume the full burden of the glider train, and jaw I05 is thrown open to release the loop line I31 entirely from the boom; at which instant the combined lines will merely arse.,1 07' jump upward slightly from the floor level of the boom-hook, to the normal towing level relative to drum 52. The actual, releasing act is performed by merely exerting a sharp tug upon the pull-cord- HE, at the inboard position thereof previously explained in. relation to. Fig. 5-, the weighted. pull of the glider train completing the opening of, jaw 1&5 as line is payed out somewhat further from drum I 5.2 to. entireiyclear theboo-m hook.

If it is desired. to lessen or to eliminate the. upward, jumpv of the aforesaid combined inc-s, stand-by hook 2M and line 2%, Fig. 6-which can be anchored very close to floor level but-a1- lowing for an upward preliminary inclination therefrommay he employed during obvious intermediary stageof the transfer operation, and disconnected: thereafter.

It nowremains but a simple matter to first wind in the entire upspooled length of line 18!, over drum H32, inclusive. of snap hook. tell as well as. the loop-line until harness 282 is in handy reach. within the tow room. Thereupon each of the terminal hooks T --'I- -T can be, quickly snapped, into. the tow-rings R, alongside of harness hooks 2t62@6-2i6, the lines coming oft drums D -D D made taut to take over the respective glider burdens, individually, and line 13?, which has become sufficiently slack, freed from ring 263 of the harness by merely removing the snap-hook E51.

For data concerning a somewhat more simplified burden-switching technique, reference may be had; to my co-pending application bearing Serial, No. 707,152. See also said latter application for a preferredmothod and meanswhereby to cast on thegliders from a tow-plane or towcar.

While the hand-ever and take-over operation or operations just described hadto do with the airborne switching of an entire train of gliders simultaneoushafrorn. one locomotive plane toenother, the aforesaid technique may be modified. in various ways. Supnose, for example, that only one of the gliders, sayglider D1, is to heswitched from plans P to plane P In that case. it. would be unnecessary to use the harness 232,..and a simple tow-ring, such as one of the rings R. of Fig. 6,. be substituted therefor. Furthermore, it would. not even benecessary to, use the short anchor line 2%; but instead, if it hov assinned that the ring it, engaged by lineGl, is of adequate size to readily of the required plurality of smip-hooks at the, same time, transfer hook. wa at theendof line ill! ,Fig. 6, could he snapped thereon alone; do hook T line G could thenv be unspooled just enough to throw the tow burden. on line iii! and to create enough. slack. in line. G torcmove terminal hook T and loop line hook. 25%, 10,001,116. thenhe snapped over ringltalongside hook 139 The remainder of the transfer operation may be performed thereafter in: general. accord with the method which was detialed wherein all three oithe gliders were switched.

If two, only, of the; gliders are to beswitohed, harness 282' may be employed, idling one of the snap hooksits using the other two for connection with the rings R which are connected to the selected glider lines. tow ring of suflicient size (not shown), having strong, safety interlocking segments on one side and a hand-cuff type of hinge on the opposite side, could he looked into said rings of sa'iii selected glider lines. Or-to mention-yet an Or a single q v i) other of the possible variables-a brace of skaterhooks, such as are well know-1min the marine hardware field, couldbe employedin a similar manner. In fact, harness 202, as specifically disclosed, is not at all essential in that particular form, since an equallyefilcienkand in some respects more desirable-arrangement (see also the similar device of Fig. 16) may readily be made up, with either two or three short lengths of cordagev (depending on whether two or three gliders are to be switched simultaneously) having; snap hooks, such as hooks 2536, at each of theirends, defined as ends A and B; the plurality of ends A being snappedover a tow-ring, such as any oneofthe rings R, of adequate size, leaving the plurality .of ends 13 free for snapon engagements with the selected plurality of rings R in Fig. 61in approximately the same mannor as. was explained in reference to the harness hooks ZOO-of Fig. 6a.,

Eiundryother options, and variations of technlque, will readily occur to those regularly versed insuch-matters, in accordwith the general in-- structions given herein.

In order to sim-plify the earlier description relative to Figs. 2, 3:, 4 and 6, and for avoidance otpossi-ble confusion during the detailing of the somewhat complicated glider-switching means and modes, the three glider lines were referred to specifically as lines G G and G This is correc-t'if the lines are viewedin their entirety, but in reality, as: willv have been made quite clear by now, the master drum lines G -G -G of Fig. '6, as carried over drums D D '-D have subsidiary lines running from the rings R to the respective gliders. While most of the time, in normal towingservice, it is easier to think of only three unifield lines from the master drums to the gliders, the aforesaidsubsidiary lines are, this preterred embodiment,'separated entirely from the master to, lines of one of the tow-planes, during a transferopera-tiomand are, then l e-unified with other master lines .ofqa' difierent tow plane. ,As it is now advisable to further describe these subsidiary; lines, the same will hereafter be referred to; expressly as: lines 154,. 9-5: and i516 as see '6. And whereasthe master lines have terminals T Iiand T connecting them releasablyto the rings; R, the suhsidiarylineshave other terminals Nil, 193 and Iii-9- connecting the same .releasabl to.-sa-id: rings. 1

These auxiliary lines are carried from winch drums located, inthe glidersv themselves, at least one to each glider; such as drum 2613, for illustration, in the nose of: glider its of Fig; 1. By this arrangement, it was-possible to pay out or to reel'in' dlfierent. lengths. of glider line, in the case of any-one ot the. gliders; to or from towplan'eP or floor from the glider independently ct tow-plane; thus afiording a greater degrcc of flexibility glid J: operations-with ohvious corresponding benefits, For an example, one of the many utilities made-possible by this arrangement i's'the fact that, if the master twopilot fii'ght mechanic) of plane P became in jured', control could still b'exexerc'ised' by each of the individual: glider pilots of a train. And in either war-time or peace-tinre operations, control could be electively passed hack and forth, and i n't'he case of :a tow-plane only one master winch drum woul d be possibleto operate and totransferrany or all of: the slide-rs compr'ising thetrain. by a very slight obvious, modification of technique; sucha case, most: of

the requiredflengths: of. linewcouldl be: carried: di-

rectly from the individual glider drums to a ring R, for instance, or some such fixture as harness 202, with only a relatively short single line being necessary on the drum of the towplane.

In the operations just described, it is obvious that in order to remove each of the glider lines from its particular master drum, so that all of the gliders could be switched at the same time, by briefly joining them with harness 202, it was necessary to reel in the master drum linesuntil only a short length of the samerunning from the drums to the rings Rremained unspooled. But such an exact operation could not be performed, ordinarily, without benefit of the auxiliary lines, for the reason that the gliders should remain at proper distances from the tow plane and from one another. This requirement is readily met by having the pilots of the gliders operate the respective glider drums to unspool suitable lengths of line from each individual glider drum to compensate for the progressive withdrawal of the master lines, while maintaining proper distances and relations.

While such procedures have been detailed on the assumption that the gliders will have individual pilots, it is apparent that robot controls for gliders can be perfected to the point where the aforesaid towing and switching opertions, including the automatic spooling and un-- spooling of the auxiliary glider lines as required, may be safely and efllciently performed. (See, for example, the similar method and structure therefor in my last aforesaid application bearing Serial No. 707,152. While less preferable, for obvious reasons, it is apparent that by providing amply long glider lines, the rings R could remain inboard at all times, for switching purposes, and lines G, G and G could merely have a common inboard terminal instead of separatedrums as shown, a single drum being sufiicient for effecting transfers.)

American patents have already been issued-such as Patents Nos. 2,399,215 to D. S. Fahrney and No. 2,400,400 to John Van Buren Duer to mention but twowhich describe systems of automatic flight control for gliders; and to those regularly concerned with such matters it will now be elementary to devise means for operating the glider drums by remote radio control, or otherwise, as in the case of various mechanisms which have been devised for the control of so-called drones.

Spot landings and pickups Other specific advantages in providing the tow-line drums on gliders I 03 will now be explained. In many parts of the globe, especially in some of the so-called raw-material countries, it would be unprofitable "to construct a system of modern airports, such as normally required for large passenger and cargo airplanes; but it will often be possible to establish small, widely scattered launching and spot-landing fields for gliders, where the latter can be readily picked up by the tow-planes, or by special pickup tugs, flying thereto from not very distant terminals. In accord with present modus operandi, gliders are picked up by tow-planes from ground stations with the aid of conventional tackle, which includes a pair of station poles similar to those used in air-mail pickups, as previously referred to. The aforesaid patents to Plummer and Patent No. 2,369,518 to H. W. Ballard, or Patent No. 2,402,918 to Arthur B. Schultz, may also be consulted in this connection. It is much handier,

however, to provide each glider with its own pickup tackle, including both poles and loopline; so that at any time, at any satisfactory location, on a. moment's notice, a glider can be snac'hed from its own mobile, self-embodied ground station. I provide, in short, that each glider I03 may have extendable-retractable standards similar to the standards I24 on towplane P2, Figs. 2 and 4, for example, but with certain required modifications.

Thus, in Fig. 1, glider I03 bears on its upper wing areas a pair of standards I24 from which a loop-line I31 may be suspended, as, for example, in position I3I, whereby a pickup hook on boom I40, or its equivalent, appendant from a pickup tow-plane, may be readily engaged with said loopline. Immediately after the engagement, the initial shock can be damped out by providing such tow-planes with shock-struts similar to cylinder I62, Fig. 3, as earlier described. But, by option, delayed-action acceleration means may be supplied by an automatic pay-out of line from drum 200, instead of from the master drum on the tow-plane, since line I31 as shown at position I31", is carried forwardly across the nose of the glider into any suitable socket therefor 2I0 and thence to the drum; or to the drum via any required intermediary sub-tackle according to standard procedure. Line I31 when in an idle position, could be normally disposed, out of the way, in a pocket similar to box I32, Fig. 4, and any of several obvious options may be employed.

Referring to the detail plan view of Fig. 8, for example, it is observed that the standards I24 may, if desired, be of such length that their tips can be received inside the box or pocket I32", containing coiled loop I 33, the remainder of these standards being adapted for retraction within slots 2II whereby to present a flush upper surface With the skin of the fuselage. Other features of box I32 have been previously described, and it is understood that standards i24 may be retractably-extendably mounted in any suitable manner, such as already mentioned in reference to standards I24 of tow-plane P, for instance. Ordinarily, for stationary pickups, wherein the tolerances must be much greater to allow for possible inaccuracies within reasonable limits, it is preferably to utilize these wing standards, since they may then be of considerable height and widely spaced.

As there is no disadvantage, at the time of the initial pickup, in bringing line I3'I in an extemporaneous manner over the nose of the glider to any desirable fixture leading to drum 200, or to a lower inlet in the position of socket 2| 2, Fig. 1, it may be found best to form the connection with the glider drum through said latter socket. However. wherein more than one pickup or take-over" operation is contemplated on a given flight, as hereafter explained, it is possible that an additional glider drum 200 will be desirable. That is, drum 200 aifords a more direct hook-up with the lower fixture 2I2, while drum 200 can pay directly to either socket 2"), or, by option, to the fixture 2I3, which is conveniently shown as a ball-and-socket arrangement and may be more clearly seen in the slightly enlarged detail of Fig. 8; socket 2I0, in this view, being conveniently disposed directly thereabove. Alternatively, drums 200 and 200" can be mounted coaxially as independently operable components of a unitary automatic winch, similar to the device of Fig. 6, each of the drums feeding to a different towwindow, such asv outlets 2I0, 2I2, or

213,-andone of the drums being a stand-by unit while the other is on tow duty.

Standards I24 are normally, and primarily, disposed for initial pickup operations in lieu of ordinary ground poles but if desired they may be reserved for airborne switching as hereafter explained. For the latter service, however, as detailed later relative to Figs. 12 to 15 inclusive, there are provided the smaller auxiliary stands 'ards I2'I earlier alluded to, including box I32,

similar to boxes I32 and I32 These standards are normally used only in coordinated speed take-overs, and, therefore, need not be very large or'widely spaced. And since they are, in this view, conveniently mounted to point toward each other along transverse areas of the fuselage skin, it is provided that each of these standards may be curved to the skin curvature, and they will normally occupy slotted grooving, similar to slots 2 I I, when in retracted position.

While either the standards IZ I, we or I2 l may be fitted with small flag beacons, according to ordinary mail and glider ickup proceduresthe same being disposable within boxes I32, I32, I32 when not in active use-it is felt that in the deliberately executed take-overs herein described it will be quite sufficient to color the crosscords white or orange or bi-colored: particularly since it is provided, by option, that both the take-over plane and the glider may have any required rear-vision means for accurateclose-up engagements of this character. 1

For example, a somewhat comparable arrangement is graphically shown in connection with the two tow-planes of Fig. 2, wherein the take over plane P has the altiscope 2M extending downward from adequate view-reflecting means (not shown) in the cockpit; and said altiscope is provided with a sufficiently wide-angle lense to present a field (as indicated by dotted lines) which includes every detail of the transfer tackle which it is necessary for the pilot of plane P to observe. Similarly, hand-over plane P has the periscope 2 I5 adapted to function in a comparable manner; and it is obvious that wherein such devices are employed on gliders their functions will be similar totho se mentioned in connection with planes P and P Thus, if said periscope and said altiscope are fitted with wide-angle telephoto typ lenses, and the cross-cords are distinctively colored, the flag beacons may be superfluous. For night-time take-overs, the cross-cords could be coated with standard luminous coloring materials. By focusing a suitably located spotlight thereon, adequate visibility should be readily obtained; and by option,'fiuorescent colors, instead of ordinary luminous paints and the like, could be used in conjunction with a beam or beams of blocklight, according to well known procedures; or infra-red colors used in conjunction with polarized goggles or lenses.

Since the individual gliders I03 of a train must first be launched, at one of the hypothetical terminals, such as an isolated take-01f point, I also provide improved means for launching either one, only, or any correct plurality of the same; said means being conveniently coordinated with the glider tackle already detailed. Specifically, in Fig. 12, in addition to the booster motor M adapted to exhaust through nozzle I23 (as see also Fig. 1), I provide that control means for starting said motor may, by option, be suitably connected up to the standards I24; so that when the loop-line I31 is snatched by the boom hook I39 of the pickup plane, motor M is automatically actuated to start blasting.

For example, itwould be quite simple to provide lower break-out clips (similar to clips I42 of Fig. 4, for instance) spring-mounted so as to be pulled forward retractably against tension springs (not shown) just a suificient distance,

before each break-out, to actuate the control.

hook-up schematically indicated by dotted line 2I6. Such control or controls can be quickly connected or disconneted whenever gliders I03 are being either dismantled or re-assembled, ac-' cording to this optional procedure, along with other controls operable between motor M and the cockpit; Other obvious alternatives are possible. For example, actuation of motor M could be effected automatically by the initial pay-out of the loop-line from outlet 2I2; and the necessary facilities therefor are so elementary, within the common knowledge of various skilled and um skilled technicians, as scarcely to warrant detailed reference thereto. 3

The cone-shaped figure n, Fig. 13, merely indicates how glider craft I03 may be streamlined for transsonic and supersonic speeds, as, for instance, by tapering said nose portion n to a, suitable configuration, according to the possible future demands of tow-oars or tow-planes travel ing within these speed ranges. 4 According to a preferred technique, I provide that the task of initially picking up individual loaded gliders need not be the function of the limited tow-planes. This could, however, be done satisfactorily, as will later be explained relative to Fig. 15, wherein it is possible to bring together all of the pre-loaded gliders of a proposed train at one take-off point: such as a modern type of landing and take-off field, adequate for the use of transglobal locomotive planes. It must be as.- sumed, however, that such'facilities will often not be available, and that one of the gliders to be loaded and later picked up will have to be spot landed, initially, at a hypothetical plantation A,

for illustration, another at a plantation B per} haps 25 miles or more distant, while yet another would be dropped off at a plantation C within the general areaof a particular terminal or takeover station on a limited route. When all of When the long-ranging limited plane isfully' fueled and ready for the first leg of the transglobal route, such a pilot plane would normally speed swiftly from the terminal airport to planta'e tion A, picking up a first glider, conveniently designated glider I03 and by the time the limited plan arrived, flying more slowly for the time being, the pilot plane, called plane P will have completed the pickup and will be flying at a desirable altitude for switching the glider "to the limited plane. This accomplished, plane P will again speed ahead to plantation B, where the operation will be repeated upon arrival of the limited tow plane; and, after the third glider has been picked up at plantation C and handed over to the limited plane, the latter will then rise to normal crusing altitude and, at normal crusing speed, will proceed to the first relay station as previously explained; where all of the gliders will be taken over by the second limited plane'in relayed series. Meantime, plane P having trans- R into which has been interlinked the three terminals 2I9 of lines I94, I95 and I96. In this particular arrangement, which is presented to indicate another of the sundry possible variants which may now and hereafter be improvised, each of the terminals (snap-hooks) 2 I 9 may have an anomalous eye 220 thereon, the function of which will be shortly explained. First, however, with reference to Fig. 15, it is apparent thatthe limited tow-plane P has already passed over the target which, in this case, was the uppercrosscord of loop L of the loop-line 2H; which line was initially attached releasably to the pickup standards of the centermost glider I03 at position I24. These, of course, are the Wing poles I24 of Fig. 8, and were automatically, instantaneously. retracted back into wing slots 2 II as soon as the loop was freed therefrom.

Originally all of the lines I94, I95 and I96 (in Fig.16 they are faced opposite to their positions in Fig. 15) ,being then momentarily released from any actuating element adapted to startthemotors M, weresnapped over ring R which was normally closest to the nose of the central glider I03 I Line 2 I'IWas then connected to ring R by means of snap-hook 22I, the other end of this line terminating in theloop L, which was aflixed to the standards or wing poles at position I24. Upon later actuation of all three of the motors M, as explained, a simultaneous blasting will take place through the nozzles I23, assumingthat this procedure isfollowed. According to predetermined, synchronous action between the respectivedrums 260, relative to the pull exerted on all three glider lines simultaneously, and in coordination with the thrust components of-"motors M, as well as the tug exerted by plane i on the master tow-line 2II, the train will-move rapidly forward-the glider lines having been progressively snubbed by delayed-action braking-and a relatively brief launching in triplicate will occur with all the glider lines having been finally braked therefor. 1

It is understood, of course, that plane P hasa shock-cylinder I62 Fig. 12, or its equivalent, associated with boom I49, which cushioned the initial engagement between the snatch hook I39 and loop'L. Naturallythe different components must bewell coordinated and this technique may call for the exercise of considerable skill on the part of the-master pilot and each of the glider pilot-5,. g I When the gliders have risen to the desired airborne positions, they may be each removed from the master tow-line 2 II in the following manner: First line l9I -(of Fig. 6) in the towroom of plane P is made ready, as required, for operation directly off the stand-by drum D and its. snaphook I90, being now freed from the abbreviated type of hook I39, is fastened to thatarea of loop L which is directly adjacent the boom hook from which all the gliders are still being towed. Drum D is then operated to produce a tension on line HM, and pull-cord I16 (as atI'IB in this type of boom-see Fig. 5) is jerked to free loop L from the boom hook, bringing the entire tow-burden directly onto drum D The latter is then operated further to bring the harness assembly 2I8, Figs. and 16, inside the tow room, only. a short length of the master loop line 2 I1 now remaining unspooled from said drum and the respective glider lines proper having been further payed out as "required to maintain the correct airborne relations of thegliders. r

It is easy, now, to take hold of each of the ter- 22 minals T '1 and T, which have been at slack positions, and snap them into the -1respective anomalous eyes 220 of the hooks 2I9. Once this has been done and lines G G2 and G have been tensed, hook 221 of line 2II may be removed (after operating drum D to slacken this line), leaving only the ring R And ring It may be :of such ample size as tobe worked free from oneof the hooks 2 I9 after another by merely operatin the'catches, since such operations will have'no eifect upon the newly assumed relations between the drum lines and the three eyes 22 0. Phantom figure F is an hypothetical tow-cab at the upper 'level of a so-called cage to be later explained relativeto Fig. 9 (see also Fig. 1), which merely illustrates another possible launching technique. Needless to say, by thus transferring the indi-" vidual glider lines I94, I and I96 directly to respective drums D D and D instead of maintaining all'of the gliders from the one master line 2, many very evident advantages are gained, not the least of which is the fact that the'movements, of a particular glider will have no-direct modifying effect upon the others, as would be the case through the master connection. The limited plane P 'may now proceed at regular cruising speed to the end of the first legof the transglobal route, at which point a freshly fueled tow plane will take over in the manner earlier detailed in reference to planes F and P of Figs. 2,

\ Fig. 7. It is apparent, incidentally,'that whereas the loop-line employed in connection with win standards I2 may be carried forward in any convenient manner, as, for example, to the lowermost pay-out fixture 2I2 (Fig. 1, 'etc.), the line L running from standards I2'I of Fig. 8, is adapted to be closely drawn down within a groove G, which may extend all the way from box I32*, and even centrally through a brace member 222 of windows 223; then, by option, into a'skin socket 2H], and thence to the drum 209 of'Fig l. Or insteadv of entering socket 2I0, it may,.alternatively, be connected to said drum via the socketed ball 2I3, Figs. 1 and 8. Any of sundry designers can readily supply the details for elements related to'ball 2I35'such as, for one'example, and by ready adaptations, a structure comparable to the ball-and-socket. elements in the assembly of Patent No. 2,396,453 to Windle.

Airborne-railbome combinations I come now to that form of the intercooperative system whereby the respective airborne and railborne components thereof have new and novel relations therebetw een. In short, I introduce relationships between carriers traveling in full airbornepositions, at normal airborne speeds, and other carriers traveling on surface trackage at similar speeds. Thus in one of the possible embodiments I disclose, as a new mode of transport, the glider I63being onejonly, or one of any preferred plurality of the same-trailing from the two-cab 224 of railcar 225 of Fig; 9. (Obviously,-in the case of anentire train of cars, there may be other two cabs, at desired intervals, each towing one or more other gliders.) The latter structure, however, will be describe more wily-inrelation. touthe' larger view of E1919; wherein said. car-225, supported. on trackauwclijl'v b1, wheels: l" of (lollies ill and surmountedrhy'stabih izcr-dollies 82 within'the lower bank-ore. partially broken: away cage 23,. sturdy-tow strut 225. Surmounting strut 2-28 is said: tow-cab 22; as. additionally; supported. by dollies 80?, having rightand) left wheelielemants adapted for contact: with upper rails, 6.4.

Detailed. distinguishmentsr however, such tackle elements asthe hook- 221 of boom- 228. of the. two-cab and standards-22$- oftwo-plane P; which are comparable tel-standards I24, H415 I21. oiEigs. 2, 3,4: andtl but in an-invertedposi ticm. As-more clearly seen in-the rear-enddetall.

view of: Fig. 10, standards 22 8-are appendentfrom pivots- 23d suitably'recessed "on the undersides of right and left stabilize-r fins 23 I, where they. donut inany way interfere with; the: elevators. 232. or. rudders 233 on this preferred, twins-tail. type, of. cmpennage. Obviously, the standards 229 will. describe-thearcuate figures 234 when extended and retracted; and when fully retracted. willoccupy right and leftsrooving as indicated. at.position. 235,

Other positioning is quite possible, however, as. exemplified by phantom standards 229 ,v which may be conveniently pivoted, for instance. to extend rearwardly from the opening to two-room 5;. from. whichpivotedlocation they may recess within skin grooving 236, and having tips, 22$ which may curve upwardly so as to protrude just above. the flooring at the rear end of the tworoom for handy access in making manual adjustments of the loop-line-similar to loop 231. Loop 23.1 could. of course be similarly adjusted by merely. lengthening standards 229 so that the breakout clips Mt would, upon retraction, protrude. through suitable small apertures at points indicated. approximately by arrow pointers 233 and. 238. These, apertures could communicate with slots.2'39, to be explained immediately.

' In thev arrangement shown, however, which includes also, the auxiliary clips [M -similar to clips I42 of- Fig. 4the upper portion 13.! of loop 23? is, according to one option,.adapted to extend partially into. thev tow-room through, said slots 2", beyond whichpoint the loop-line (here shown in. phantom, only) is seen to enter throughian upper-lower sheave-wheel assembly and thence to a winch. having the. automatic delayed-action drum.2.4.l- However, an alternative-and perhaps profound-arrangement will be described shortly. Normally, plane P. needbe little if any different Iron the. locomotive planes P P and l? earlier described, and may have a full complement of other tow-room tackle components such as. seen, for example, in Figs. 3 and. 6,. and if found dc.- sirable, drum 24l could be but one of the drum components'ol' the multiple winch of said Fig. 6. For present. purposes, however, and for avoidance o1 undue. complication in the small drawing, drum 2 only, is featured.

It. may bementioned, parenthetically, that plane E, which is desirably equipped for general utility towing, and switching operations, can. also havethe wing standards I24, comparable. to standards I24 of Figs. 2, 3. and- 4; and, on large tow-planes fitted with this type. or empennage, could readily have such standards. mounted for movement from pivots 242, whereby to recess recrwardly into slots 243- andto assume erect positions 2; so that box $32. (as also. see Fig. 4Q) could be located much nearer or just inside the tow-room, and so that thaquitesimilarloop line l3 umt shown but see also Figs amt-i.) would bears the particularly:

include:

28 recescinto :groove; I. only aahontdistamehetom enteringtwmroom; I45 over pulley. 8.. Thad. tails. of; such. an alternative arrancement; can: bc: readily workedout in, accord with the instructions, previously given.

Returning to the'tow-cab. 224, it is-by novel-at. theta cooperable association is indicatedibatwm rail car 225 and plane P closely comparable: to; that. explained.- earlier, between planes P and P of;'Fig ..2 That is, it is provided that two-burns. may; in one relation, be switched-Iromthe plane; to: the; tow cab and in. another. relation. may, be. switched from the cab to the, plane. Since the detailed technique therefor is quite compuablc. to that previously. explained, the: same,- as no! applied to plane P and. cab224, will be rcodllm understood after a further explanation of, said cab. Referring, thereiore,,tothe enlarged detail view of Fig. 1']; it-is noted, through the bmken away portion, that. tow-cab 224 has a tow-tom 5* within which is. carried a multiple automatic. winch W, having one or a desirable plurality 0L drums 127.; and for present purposes this which structure may be assumed to resembldln more the detailed apparatus'of Fig. 6, with the-auxilariea there shown. These, therefore, may oln includeasheave-wheel component I54", and tho boom 228; is observed to seat within an. upper. skin slot i51 comparable to the. slot li-Ii. Fla. 9-11,,of plane P forexample. And 5101:. I89 may terminate at 245 in anarrow aperturcwhich enables. the hookportion 22]- 015 said boom toqbc received inboard of the tow-room.

Boom 228 has the. bell-crank member: lib

- linked at. pivot. I60" to the plunger rod-Ill;

and. rod 1.6!. coacts: with simple-cylinder M26 in a manner similar to; operations described with relation. tolike. elements in. Fig. 3, etc. Likewise, in common with boom. 140;. boom 228; has. a. pull, cord HP, and the. lam adapted for, mboard. actuation. by means; ct; the slack. sectional portion 6 as: similarly, mentioned relative to boom I40. Other features. a! boom 228, and especially hook 221,,arecomn1rable to those. earlier. detailed in respect to th alternative structures of Fig. 5,. wherein, as. pro.- viouslyexplained, the hook component. per on may be; or. identical oonstructionwhether: an: played. apart: from the. boom (as in. 6. min: tions') or integrally with said boom;

Rail car 225. has, by option, therearwardly db.- posed turbojet motor M adapted to blast thmlh nozzle.- I22, inclusive of. hired intake ducts. H and 5%. the.- latter for operations in. conjunction with a: forwardly disposed jet plant (not me outed), which couldv be. another. turhojot. 8 18b! adapted; to: blastthrouah. nozzle l 0%, for thermodynamic. brakina. orrit; could bev a. small, compact liquid tuelmotor: operable. for. the; same puma. butrequirins. no external teed. Jato; al.- fo-rd another alternative; Compartments 44? and may constitute removable-cargo or msenger body subsections, or, for long-range. towlug duties especially, my be. one our plumht! of demountsble fuel. containers.

Plane-to-rau-car'techniques Assume, now, thaaplane P has arrived M overseas, at the continental terminal at meinta cooperative systezm. towing a triality oi: zlidm (not shown) identified by their respective tnlinesas sliders (and lines) G G and, G and assume. further, that it is desired to hand. vl these gliders directly from the tow-plane. to. the rail car, for straight-on-thmugh transport. to an interior destination or destinations, and without having to land either the tow-plane or the gliders. The required procedure therefor will be similar to that already explained relative to planes P and P of Fig. 2; and to initiate such a switching operation, the pilot of plane P radios ahead as to his location and estimated time of arrival, thus enabling the engineer of car 225 to start up and to quickly attain a desirable speed'relative to the speed of the arriving tow plane. In Fig. 9 plane P towing three gliders, has overhauled car 225 and has coordinated its speed thereto at substantially equalized speeds therebetween.

At about this juncture means (not shown, but of any suitable character therefor) are actuated to cause boom 228 to partially rotate upwardly tothe approximate position indicated; whereupon car 225 may increase its speedv to cause the cross-cord of loop 231 to engage hook 221 (see also Fig. 10) or, to be one, a like result would occur if plane P slightly reduced its speed. If it is assumed that cab 224 has advanced'relatively speakingto the position indicated generally by phantom 224*, then boom 228 will also have moved to position 22 8, having just snatched the loop-line. But said loop-line is still-according to this particular technique-slidingly engaged within notches 239. Consequently, car 225 would then drop back slightly and/or plane P would move forward relative to the car; whereupon the loop-line would be pulled rearwardly from notches 239, which may slant downwardly as required to faciltiate this sub-operation.

The master transfer hook I39 on board plane P having previously been engaged to the ring 203 of a harness 202, for example, as in the case of plane-to-plane switches, and a hook similar to hook I5I of Fig. 3 but terminating the loop-line 231, having also been snapped on ring 203, the said loop-line is now payed out to position 246 of the harness. Obviously, in this position,- transfer hook I39 is at position 233 and the harness has assumed the monkey-on-a-string attitude relative to loop-line 231, position 231*, and to the master transfer line I9I similar to line I9I in the comparable method explained with regard to Figs. 3 and 6. The transfer hook I39 may now be released by a sharp tug upon pull-cord I80 (not shown in Fig. 10, but see side elevational views of Fig. 9, Fig. 3 and Fig. 11) to release the tow burden entirely from plane P to the tow-cab of car 225.

It should be mentioned here that since the inboard portion of loop-line 231 is not so readily gotten out of the Way, within tow-room I45, when not actually needed for burden-switching, the same may have three separate portions: namely, a right and a left inboard portion, which are united as one to form the outboard loop, and an inter-connecting inboard portion bearing-her mally at the center thereofthe previously men tioned hook defined as being similar to hook I5I in Figs. 3 and 6. The right and left inboard portions are conveniently fitted with small rings, which may be hung upon any suitable peg or the like on respective inner walls of room I when not in active service. v

When required for making up the complete loop, these rings are removed from the pegs and manually engaged by snap-on terminals at the two forked ends of said interconnecting portion remote from said lately mentioned hook. These rings are depicted in Fig. 10 as being to the right and left of the forwardly disposed' harness 202. In this small .rear view, no attempt is 'made to-showthe glider-lines G G and G which take off forwardly from the three elements 206 (Fig. So) as indicated quite briefly in said Fig. 10. Both the aforesaid interconnecting segment and the harness may be merely set aside or hung upon the Wall until required for transfer duty as explained. v

Naturally, each of the glider-lines were previously removed from their respective connections with the master tow-drums and were connected into harness 202 in readiness for the transfer, in the manner given for plane-to-plane switches. And'the shock cylinder I62 operated automatically to absorb any'slight sudden jerk which may have been imposed on boom 228 at the instant of final transfer, in cooperation, as required, with the respectiveglider drums. That is, the latter could be set to automatically pay-out very brief lengths of lines G G and G if required, to further take up the sudden lag and. recovery, equivalent to what is known as a surge but in reverse action.

At this point, plane P may leave car 225 and proceed elsewhere, leaving the completion of the switching operation to the master two-pilot in cab 224. (As already mentioned, one, only, schematic drum component 24! is shown in Fig. 10; but wherein a plurality of gliders are to be switched, the tackle elements of Fig. 6 may be used and the same are by now self-explanatory.) Lines G G and G may be removed thereafter, at any time, from hook 221 and transferred to master drums D D and D of the tow cab, comparable to like elements in Figs. 3 and- 6, by substantially repeating the method earlier detailed relative toplanes P and P Thus, in the fully switched positions, the gliders will be trailing as indicated by their respective tow-lines at I G, G and G, Fig. 9. 2

Element 241 indicates a retractablealtiscope whereby the pilot of plane P may obtain'a clear view of the operations relative to loop-line 231 and hook 221; and element 248 indicates a periscope on cab 224 for the use of the engineer or co-engineer of car 225 for a similar purpose. The dotted line 249 indicates means of'instantaneous communication between the co-engineer in the tow-cab and the engineer in the main cab therebelow;'and, if found preferable during these op erations, remote control of motor M of the rail car could be transferred temporarily from the main cab to a'control board in the cab of the co-engineer.

Element 250 indicates, by option, a pair of standards which may be fitted on the upper sides of cab 224 for operations comparable to those earlier described relative to wing standards I24 and line I31 of Figs. 2 and 3. That is, whereby burdens may be transferred from car 225 to plane P in amanner exactly the reverse of the method just described. Obviously, wherein it would be at all profitable to do so, small parcels and like burdens could be similarly transferred from car to plane or vice versa. The dog or pawl 25I, Fighl'l, is positioned to engage against the adjacent shoulder member whereby to stop boom '228 automatically in the preferred outboard position 228 preliminary to engagement of hook 221 with th'ecross-cord on standards 228.

According to some'schedules, it may be desirbale for the gliders G G and G to be again switched from car225 to another plane, similar to plane P, for transport to an off-route destination or destinations. In that event the operation may be readily carried out according, to the plane-to-plane procedure. utilizing a *master transfer hock I39 and pull-cord [29 in conjunction with a harness Z82, 11, as well as standards 250, Fig. 9, in accord with like and other tackle components already mentioned in'rcgard to Figs. 3 and 6.

Element 4 of Fig. 'Zindicates how, by option, gliders being towed at high speeds may have auxiliary flight motors in addition to booster units mentioned previously.

Variable other. techniques While I have described one preferred method of glider hand-over and take-over" from plane to rail car, and at approximate co-velocities,.it may often be preferable ornecessary 'toland a train of newly arrived gliders'whilc awaiting the arrival of the next rail car 225 having a tow cab thereon. In short, glider trains "may frequently reach given terminal of! schedule'from overseas, after fighting storms which delayed. their arrival. Under such circumstances, it would be unprofitable to hold up a tow car indefinitely and, more likely, it woul'dbe best to land the gliders and hold them in Waiting until the next scheduled arrival of a tow oar. Again, atra hypothetical terminal, such as Los Angeles,:many gliders would be initially loaded at that industrial center for transcontinental flights by rail car tow. In such'cases, and as previously intimated, the terminal station-could readily provide wide aprons or the like i l l, as sectionally indicated in Fig. 1, extending longitudinally at upper right and left sides of the aforesaidcage and long enough to provide satisfactory runways.

Thus, while not soindicated in Fig. 1, it is obvious that a cage of such description, for accommodation of rail car 225 of .9, could be built as a partial support for such a: runway, andihaw ing of course, an open throat section therethrough for the movement of atow-strut 226 supporting the cab 224. See phantom F in Fig. 1. The gliders of a train could-then bearranged on right and left sides of said open'areagand, after being duly connected to the towing .apparatus in tow-room H5, would be launohedby the rail car.

With reference to Fig. 9, it would appear possible to launch gliders from suitable right and left runways at ground level, if the individual gliders could be maintained at 'a required distance from the rail car cage until-take-oif. And a comparable technique might be possible for landings.

Other modifications It would be unprofitable to dwell at length upon sundry of the minor refinements and'adaptations which are now possible, in view of my gencral disclosure. For examples'the harness structures of'Fig. 5a and Fig. 16 couldbe changedxin numerous ways, as but briefly further indicated by the arrangements of Figs 19a and 19b. The same are self-explanatory. Optional types .of transfer tackle are another case in'point. while the so-called loop-lines, as earlier defined inrelation to various figures of the drawings, are preferably separate from the tow-lines, mere specific avoidances of such exact combinations are readily possible if that is the end in view.

One such variant-which is, most obviously, but a simplified, less'fiexible but entirely operable form of the transfer tackle already. shownlsseen in the small schematic viewof Fig. 17. The obvious distinction here resides in the fact that thetowing hawser 331 .and the loop-line 338, including transfer loop 335, are not separate elements but are carried in continuity from'the glider craft Ito the schematic standards I, whereloop 339 is releasably held by clips 342 and 342, end whereinanother, preferably stronger, break-out clip 34-3 may be employed to hold the outboard section of line 338 relatively taut while permitting such play as may be necessary during normal towing relations: in short. while the glider is maintained at towing tension frorn=thc master-anchor-point 344, which could be any suitable stanchion or the like but is preferably an automatic winch.

In the drawing, element I89 is similar to'the pull-cord of'l 'ig. 11, for example, operable from anyconvenientrreel 3 45; andtransfer hook l3, may be identical with the like member of said Fig. 11 view. Ring 346, however, is integral with line'sections .331 and 338, as explained; so that upon engagement'of loop'flfl by boom-hook 341. causingithe composite tow-line loopdlneto be freed'from clips 342 and'343, the shortmaster line .348 maybe paid out according to techniques previously'given and the slider 34!! freed entirely from line 348' by operating pull-cord! to open the'jaw of hook-139.

The'nxturesof'Figs. 18a and 18b, which'm seii' explanatory, illustratetwo of the different ways in which'such a composite tow-line and loop-lineimay be adapted also for cooperation with other elements featured in Fig. 17.

The embodiments of my invention, as herein presented, .are subject to-sundry changes, substitutions, eta, within the general scope of the disclosure: thus allowing considerable latitude for the exercise of mechanical skills and aptitudes for particular demands at particular times and for manyindividual preferences. But the true'invention is not to be limited except by a correct interpretation and/or adjudication of the hereinafterappended claims.

vI, therefore. claim:

1. 'In a new system of transportation, components in combination including: a duality-of locomotive bodies traveling at coordinated speeds, once! said bodies having burden-handling tackle which comprises a winch, a master burden-line payable therefrom, and means associated with this line-which connects-it releasably to atleast one "subsidiary burden-line at the opposite end of which trails an airborne glider craft, in combination, to be switched in midairto the other of said. bodies; a transfer line on said one of said bodies, said'transfer line being releasable in its entirety from one locomotive body to the other and bearing a member operable to connect it releasably to said subsidiary burden-line, indepcndentlyof the connection between the latter and saidmaster burdenline. as well as a sectional portion which is releasably supported in the path of travel of line-engaging means exten'clablefrom the other of said locomotive bodies.

2.1Iransportation instrumentalities including, in combination: a surface vehicle; an airborne towcraft; atleast one glider craft in towed relation to said towcraft; line means interconnecting the respective glider and towcrafts; gliderreceiving tackle on said surface vehicle; and meansassociated with the towcraft to facilitate transfer of the glider as a tow-burden to said surface vehicle while traveling at coordinated speeds therebetween, said transfer facilitating means including a length of releasable auxiliary towline, a coupling element detachably inter.

-'29 connecting two segments of said first line means and to which coupling a terminal of said auxiliary line is also releasably connectable, together with means to support another portion of the auxiliary line in a position to be snatched by lineborne towcraft; a glider craft releasably interconnected as a burden to said towcraft; and glider-receiving meansincluding a line-engaging memberon said vehicle coactive with burden-relinquishing facilities on said towcraft,

which last includes a flexible hawser to be contacted by said line-engaging member.

' '4. In combination: a rollable vehicle having burden-switching facilities thereon, a burden thereon to be switched, and an airborne craft having burden-receiving facilities which includes an opening formed therein of a configuration to admit said burden entirely inboard of said craft; other components of said burden-receiving means comprising a member extensible from the aircraft a 'into the path of travel of a burden-line supported releasably onsaid vehicle, and to one sectional 'portion of which line said burden is secured.

5; In combination: an airborne craft having burden-switching facilities thereon; at least one airborne glider craft, and flexible line tackle interconnecting it releasably to said first craft; and yet another airborne craft having burdenreceiving facilities which include a line-engaging means extensible therefrom into contact'with a component of said line tackle of the first named aircraft, to which line-engaging means the glider burden is entirely relinquished while in flight. 6. In combination: a first mobile body and a second mobile body, at least the first of which bodies is an airborne craft; said first body bearing a burden to be transferred to said second body and a burden-line connected at one portion thereof to said burden, another portion of said line being detachably secured to each of a spaced l duality of "spar members extensible generally downwardlyfrom said first. body in the path traveled by a line-engaging device which extends generally upwardly from said second of the bodies. c a

7. In combination: a first tow-locomotive, one

or more airborne glider planes trailing solely therefrom as a tow-burden, a second tow-locomotive, andmeans for switching said tow-burden from said first to said second locomotive, said switching means including (on said first locomo tive): a winch drum; a primary hawser having one end portion thereof connected to said drum and means on the other end portion thereof which readily releasably converts it to a coupling element occupying a position intermediary of said hawser and said burden; one or more subsidiary tow-lines respectively connecting each of said any one or more gliders to said coupling element; and a transfer line connected at one portion thereof to said coupling element and, at another portion thereof, supported releasably by outboard means therefor on said first locomotive in a position for its engagement by line-snatching apparatus extendable from said second of'said locomotive. I

8. In a glider craft, components including, in structure: ('1) a first tow-line drum, a first set of pickup standards in spaced positions, and a towline having a loop section which detachably engages said standards, said line including a main reelable portion thereof connected to said drum; (2) a second tow-line drum in stand-by relation to said first drum, a second set of pickup standards for operation as stand-by tacklewith respect to said first named standards, and yet another tow-line in stand-by relation to said first named thereof, said second line having a sectional portion releasably supportable from said second standards remote from the opposite end thereof normally connected to said second drum;

the respective stand-by units being operable, in I one relation, in lieu of said first set thereof and vice versa, and, in another relation, coincidental therewith upon engagement of said glider simultaneously by "a duality of locomotive aircraft. "9. In combination: a first tow-plane having glider-towing and releasing tackle thereon and a glider craft in fully towed relation thereto; a second tow-plane; said glider craft having a first anchoring means thereon from which a tow-line extends to said first tow-plane, as well as gliderswitching means including a stand-by tow-line having a loop portion thereof adjustable for 00-- operating engagement with primary glider-receiving tackle, including a loop-snatching member, extensible from said second named tow-plane for reciprocal glider-receiving and glider-relinquishing relations, respectively, between said first and said second-tow-planer 10. In a master transportation system, components including, in combination: (a) atfirst sub-system thereof comprising a plurality of glider craft a required number of tow-planes therefor, eachof'which tow-planes has means in structure'for towing one or more of said gliders at a time over particular flight range, the total length of which ranges constitutes the first major segment of a transglobal course, and for facilitating the operation of switching said one or more gliders from itself to another thereof, at airborne speeds, adjacent one of a consecutive number of relay stations along said segment, there being a station at each of the terminals of said flight ranges; and (b) another major sub-system which includes surface rail trackage of a particular typeand substantial length, a surface vehicle on said trackage andmeans for its propulsion at airplane speeds as well as means enabling it to receive respective relays of said one or more gliders at a time from particular tow-planes arriving at the junction point of said first and said another major sub-system, and, thence, to tow them along a succeeding segment of said course; each of said plurality of glider craft bearing means by which it'may be switched in mid-air from one of said tow-planes to another, from one of said tow-planes to said surface vehicle, or from said vehicle to a particular one of said towplanes within the fully comprehended'system.

ll.- The oragnization of claim 10 which includes, in further combination: (0) a sub-systemcomprising at least one subsidiary tow-plane operating as a feeder craft and means thereon for receiving an airborne glider burden from said at least one surface vehicle, as well as for switching an airborne glider burden thereto for its transport to or from feeder territory served by the 

